Calvin's Environmental Condition
by James Leunk
Originally Published 1972
Urban sprawl is spreading across the nation in epidemic proportions and Grand Rapids has contracted the disease.
Over the past 20 years the migration to suburbia has expanded the metropolitan area to engulf huge tracts of land, primarily to the south and east of the central city. Kentwood, for example, grew by 90.1 per-cent between 1960 and 1970. East Grand Rapids experienced its period of greatest growth in the 1950's as the population increased by 70.6 percent. Over the past decade the rate of expansion has slowed to a moderate 14.3 percent as the white flight blight pushes still further away from the center of Grand Rapids. In general, all of the municipalities strung out along the East Beltline and 28th Street (officially recog-nized as the South Beltline) have exper-ienced the same skyrocketing growth pat-terns as well as the accompanying increase in automobile traffic and commercial develop-ment. At the same time the population in the city of Grand Rapids itself has remained rather static at a figure somewhere around 200,000.
One of the effects of such a massive population shift has been to accelerate the deterioration of the downtown area. Frantic urban-renewal efforts seem to have accom-plished nothing more than a temporary delay of the inevitable. A proliferation of suburban shopping malls on the fringes of the metropolitan area has drawn most of the business away from downtown merchants.
Economic self-interest
Recently a proposal to extend for an additional 15 years a 1.25 mill property tax levy due to expire this year was soundly defeated by a poor voter turnout in the August primary election. The millage was to have been used to finance a major renova-tion of the downtown riverfront as a cultural and convention center. The outcome was indicative of the economic -self-interest which has characterized general public reaction on most of the issues involved in revitalizing the central city or controlling development of the suburbs.
Against this background the East Beltline Association was organized as a nonprofit corporation last January to formulate a plan for rational controlled development of the land and improvement of the roadway along a 15-mile stretch of the East Beltline. A group of East Grand Rapids residents first approached the Greater Grand Rapids Cham-ber of Commerce with their concerns. Soon after that, a small group wrote the organizational by-laws, modeled on the organization ,of the US 131 Area Development Associa-tion which has been working since 1969 to plan the 200-mile corridor through which the new US 131 Expressway will pass on its way from Grand Rapids to the Straits of Mackinaw.
When the five municipal governments involved in the East Beltline project area were contacted, they immediately accepted the objectives set down by the formation committee:
``To promote the reconstruction of the East Beltline as soon as possible from Plainfield Avenue to 60th Street with an adequate highway, and encourage proper planned development of the adjacent areas.''
The five governments. Grand Rapids, East Grand Rapids, Kentwood, and Plainfield and Grand Rapids Townships, are each repre-sented by three persons on the 21-member EBA Board of Directors-one each from the residential community, business, and govern-ment. In addition, the Kent County Road and Planning Commissions, the County-at-large, the Chamber of Commerce, and a homeowners' group, Cascadia Association, have representatives. Calvin College is entitled to representation on the Board but so far has declined, and the seat remains vacant.
Perhaps the most important factor which led to organization of the EBA is the condition of 28th Street. In less than 20 years commercial ``strip development'' has turned what was once an essentially semi-rural landscape into a crowded five-lane ribbon of pavement running between two endless chains of restaurants and car dealer-ships.
The East Beltline has begun to show symptoms of the same cancer. Since con-struction of Woodland and Eastbrook Shopping Centers, the traffic flow on the portion of the Beltline running between the two malls has increased from 4,000 vehicles per day in 1965 to 16,600 as of 1971. Projections for 1990 are somewhere around 55,500.
The development of the Kent Skills Center, two college campuses (Calvin and Grand Rapids Baptist Bible College), and scattered multi-family housing complex has produced similar results along other sections of the highway. And in addition to the normal amount of truck traffic, two gravel pits at the extreme north end of the project area and a State Waste Disposal Area slightly farther south flood the roadway with slow cement and garbage trucks.
Needless to say, accidents have sky-rocketed over the past few years. Former EBA President Huizenga puts the accident rate increase between Five-Mile Road and 28th Street over the period 1964-1969 at 700 percent.
Facing the possibility of another eco-catastrophe of 28th Street proportions, the EBA retained Williams & Works, Inc, a local planning and engineering firm, to aid in drafting the master plan on a $10,000 commission. J Paul Jones, a consultant for Williams & Works, contacted the govern-mental bodies and business groups involved in an effort to formulate several suggested alternative plans. Jones also sent out about 200 questionnaires to homeowners living in the project area, attempting to incorporate their ideas in arriving at a workable plan with consensus support.
With all the data collected, a multitude of choices was considered. Suggestions for reconstruction of the East Beltline itself ran the gamut from a five-lane unlimited access roadway (an open invitation to strip development) to a four-lane limited access expressway with an 80-foot median. Land use proposals ranged from completely uncontrolled development to a total mora-torium on any further building. Of course, such obviously unacceptable extremes were eventually discarded in favor of a more practical plan.
After thousands of hours of work, Jones and the EBA Board of Directors presented the finished product with their unanimous approval at a public hearing held Thursday, September 28. Over 200 people crowded the Community Room in Woodland Mall for the presentation of what Jones called ``a reflec-tion of maximum citizen input.''
Overall width of 1320 feet
George Darooge, EBA President and representative from Grand Rapids Township, explained that the planned area encompasses every parcel of land which lies wholly or partially within a corridor extending to a width of 660 feet on either side of the roadway itself. The 1320-foot overall width was chosen for convenience in consulting Michigan State Highways' Department of Surveys.
Basically, the plan calls for a four-lane divided highway with a 20-foot median along most of the reconstructed beltline. In addition, two-lane, one-way service roads, running parallel to the main roadway where practical within existing rights-of-way, would pick up traffic and funnel it onto the beltline at access points not less than 1000 feet apart. Areas between the service roads and the highway would be bermed up with earth to deflect noise and automobile exhaust away from ground level. The more technical aspects of the plan, such as inter-section lay-out and grading, were left to the traffic engineers of the State Highway Department.
Neither Jones nor Gordon Huizenga, EBA Board member and past president, could estimate the total cost of the road recon-struction. However, Huizenga did expect that ``there will probably be a funding split of some kind'' among the state, county, and the five local municipalities.
Jones characterized the land use pro-posals as an attempt to strike a balance between aesthetic and ecological factors and economic feasibility. Light industrial development is restricted to the extreme east end of Michigan Oak Industrial Park on the south side of the I-96 interchange, and to the land along the C & O Railroad line between 28th Street and 44th Street. Commercial development is limited primarily to the area around major intersections at Plainfield Ave NE, I-96, 28th St, 44th St, and the vicinity of 60th St, where the proposed South Belt Expressway would pass through. Running between I-96 south of Jenison and I-96 southeast of Grand Rapids, this new connector hopefully would relieve both 28th St and the East Beltline of thru traffic though such relief would come some after 1980.
Most of the remaining land has been designated for lower intensity residential office, park or institutional development though large chunks have been set aside public use. Jones noted that federal funds were available for improvement of other long strips of public land connected much of the project area for use by pedestrians and bicyclists.
The land use proposals drew a fair amount of criticism from citizens in attendance at the Thursday night hearing. One woman presently living in an area marked for public use threw around seemingly irrational and unfounded charges of ``giving in to the pressure of people around Reeds Lake.''
According to Huizenga, public criticism of that nature has been fairly common at the public EBA meetings. Huizenga took more than his share while serving as EBA president, and he cites that as one of the reasons'' why he resigned the office:
``I've been accused of having ulterior motives, of trying to railroad things. That's one of the reasons why I stepped down as president. The trouble is I come across as a con-man to a lot of people. I guess that's just my nature.''
Dealing with irate property owners has not been the only problem the Association encountered. Both Darooge and Huizenga were rather unhappy with the lack of active cooperation on the part of Calvin College. Darooge stated that Calvin's administration had been invited to place a representative at the Association's Board of Director, but that Calvin had responded with parochial self-centeredness. He had been told by ``one of your directors'' that ``they (Calvin) have solved all their problems at this time and don't need to cooperate.''
EBA in good hands
Henry DeWit, vice president for Business and Finance, acknowledged that the college had not supplied a representative to the EBA Board, but noted that it did buy a $25 institutional membership in the Association and that Harry Faber, Director of Security had been attending all public EBA meetings unofficially. Said De Wit, ``We felt that it (the EBA planning effort) was in good hands and, of course, our interests are a little different than theirs,'' though he did not specify in what way.
It appears that Calvin has been working individually with the State Highway Department over the past five years and has come up with a mutually acceptable agreement for reconstruction of the East Beltline along College property. The tentative plan calls for a pair of underpasses connecting Calvin land on the east and west sides of the Beltline, though there are at present no plans to develop the east side. A network of entrance and exit lanes would eliminate direct access to the beltline itself. In return for additional right-of-way, the college will not receive a special assessment.
Calvin's tentative understanding with the Highway department has been incorporated into the EBA master plan. The college's intentions to sell its holdings south of Burton St for commercial development and the building of a new Holland Home also fit into the FBA plan.
Implementation in 1974
The EBA's development plan now goes to the highway department for more extensive study and evaluation. Implementation of the plan has been set for 1974, though the association's directors are not completely certain that the highway department will accept a 20-foot median instead of the 80 feet they prefer. The more technical engineering problems also must be resolved yet.
The association is depending on the five local governments to adopt a memorandum of cooperation in implementing the land use proposals. At one time there was some concern that the municipalities would compete for tax base by allowing indiscriminate development. However, the enthusiastic participation of those units in EBA has dispelled any doubt.
Cooperative zoning boards
EBA itself hopes to continue in an advisory capacity once plans are finalized. According to Huizenga, local zoning boards have been most cooperative, in some cases even stalling decisions on variances .while awaiting the outcome of the EBA's effort. He anticipates working closely with zoning boards in the future to oversee development in the project area.
That such an organization as the East Beltline Association should come into exis-tence at all signals an important step toward ecological sanity. However, the EBA has not really struck at the heart of the problem. They contend in their promotional literature that ``commercial development ... by itself is desirable.'' The bigger-faster-newer syn-drome that has afflicted America throughout its history is thus only arrested; the prog-nosis is still terminal.
A people that spends its energy and resources in a global effort to hold up falling dominoes, making the world safe for two-car families, cannot expect to survive indefi-nitely. Unless something positive is done, there will come a time when there won't be any more room for even ``controlled'' development.
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